ABOUT MERAPI

ABOUT MERAPI

CONTACT: NUGROHO (085878731195)

Merapi

Merapi (peak height of 2,968 m above sea level, as of 2006) is a volcano in the central part of Java Island and is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia. South side slopes are in Sleman regency administration, Yogyakarta Special Region, and the rest are in the region of Central Java province, namely Magelang district on the west side, Boyolali the north and east, and Klaten district on the southeastern side. Forest area around the peak being Mount Merapi National Park area since 2004. This mountain is very dangerous because according to modern records having eruption (peak activity) every two to five years and is surrounded by a very dense settlement. Since 1548, this mountain has erupted 68 times. Magelang and Yogyakarta is the nearest large town, is under 30 miles from the peak. On the slopes there is still a settlement to a height of 1700 m and is just four kilometers from the summit. Because of this level of importance, Merapi became one of sixteen volcanoes in the world that includes the Decade Volcanoes project (Decade Volcanoes).

Geology

Mount Merapi is the youngest volcano in the chain that leads to the south of Mount Unggaran. The mountain is formed due to the activity in subduction zones Indo-Australian Plate is moving under the Eurasian plate caused the emergence of volcanic activity along the central part of Java Island. The current peak is not overgrown vegetation because of high volcanic activity. This peak grows in the southwest side of the summit of Mount Batulawang older. [2]

The process of formation of the Mount Merapi has been studied and published since 1989 and so on. Berthomier, a French scholar, divides the development into four stages Merapi. The first phase is Pre-Merapi (to 400,000 years ago), which is part of the Mount Bibi can still be seen on the east side of the peak of Merapi. Old Merapi stage occurs when Merapi started to form but not conical (60000-8000 years ago). The remains of this stage is Turgo and Bukit Bukit Plawangan in the south, which is formed of basaltic lava. Next is the Middle Merapi (8000 - 2000 years ago), is characterized by the formation of the high peaks, such as Mount Gajahmungkur and Batulawang, which is composed of andesite lava. During the process of the formation is characterized by lava flows, brecciation of lava, and the hot cloud. Merapi activity has to be effusive eruptions (melt) and explosive. Also predicted an explosive eruption with debris material into the left westbound horseshoe morphology with a length of 7 km, width of 1-2 miles with some hills on the western slope. Pasarbubar crater (or Pasarbubrah) were formed during this period. Merapi peak current, peak Newer, just beginning to form around 2000 years ago. During its development, are known to occur several times an explosive eruption with VEI 4 is based on the observation layer of TEFRA. Characteristics of eruption since 1953 is the insistence of lava to the top of the crater accompanied by periodic lava dome collapse and pyroclastic formation (nuee ardente) that can slide on the slopes or vertically upward. Merapi eruption type is generally not an explosion but a hiss sound. Dome's peak to 2010 is the result of a process that lasted from 1969 gas explosion.

Geologists in 2006 detected a giant space beneath Merapi contains materials such as mud is "significantly impede earthquake vibration wave". Scientists estimate that the material is magma. This bag is part of the magma formations formed by menghunjamnya Indo-Australian Plate under the Eurasian Plate.

Small eruptions occur every 2-3 years, and the larger about 10-15 years. Merapi eruptions big impact recorded in 1006 (alleged), 1786, 1822, 1872, and 1930. The eruption in 1006 makes the whole central part of Java island shrouded in gray, based on observations of volcanic ash deposits. Dutch geologist, van Bemmelen, theorized that the eruption caused the center of the Kingdom Medang (Ancient Mataram) should be moved to East Java. Eruption in 1872 is considered as the most powerful eruption in modern geological record with VEI scale reaches 3 to 4. Latest eruption, in 2010, is also expected to have power close to or equal. The eruption of 1930, which destroyed the village and killed thirteen people in 1400, is the biggest victim of the eruption of the record until now.

November 1994 eruption caused hot clouds glide down to reach some villages and claimed 60 human lives. July 19, 1998 eruption big enough but pointed up so it does not take casualties. Note the last eruption of this mountain was in 2001-2003 in the form of high activity are ongoing. In 2006 Mount Merapi resumed high and had swallowed two volunteer lives in the area exposed to the brunt of Kaliadem as hot clouds. The series of eruptions in October and November 2010 were evaluated as the largest since the eruption in 1872 [8] and claimed the lives of 273 people (as of 17 November 2010) [9], although it has imposed intensive observation and preparation for evacuation management. The eruption of 2010 was also observed as a deviation from the eruption "Merapi type" because it is accompanied by the sound of explosions and explosive roar heard up to a distance of 20-30 km.

The mountain is monitored non-stop by the Center Observation Mount Merapi in Yogyakarta City, assisted by various geophysical telemetry instruments around the top of the mountain as well as a number of visual observation posts and recording seismicity in Ngepos (Srumbung), Babadan, and Ground. Eruption in 2006

In April and May 2006, signs began to emerge that Merapi will erupt again, marked by earthquakes and deformation. Government of Central Java and Yogyakarta has prepared evacuation efforts. Instruction has also been issued by both the local government so that residents living near Merapi immediately evacuate to places that have been provided. On May 15, 2006 finally Merapi erupted. Then on June 4, it was reported that the volcanic activity has exceeded the alert status. BPPTK head of Yogyakarta, Ratdomo Purbo explained that around June 2 to 4 in the lava dome of Merapi volume has reached 4 million cubic meters - that has met all of the lava dome of Merapi capacity so that the latest addition to direct lava bursts out of the dome of Merapi. June 1, rain of volcanic ash from Mount Merapi Hot clouds glide dense, three occurred in recent days and Magelang Magelang regency, Central Java. Muntilan about 14 kilometers from the peak of Merapi, most feel this ash. [10]

June 8, Mount Merapi erupted at 9:03 pm with a blast of heat clouds that made thousands of residents in the slopes of Mount Merapi to panic and try to escape to safety. Today recorded two eruptions of Merapi, a second eruption occurred at around 9:40 pm. Bursts of hot clouds as far as 5 km upstream towards more Gendol (southern slopes) and partially burned forest area in north Kaliadem in Sleman. [11]

Eruption in 2010 The main article for this section are: Eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010 Improving the status of "normal active" to "alert" on September 20, 2010 recommended by the Center for Investigation and Technology Development Kegunungapian (BPPTK) Yogyakarta. After about a month, on October 21, status changed to "standby" since 18:00 pm. At this level of displacement activity is to be prepared. Due to increased activity, indicated by the high frequency of earthquakes and multiphase volcanic earthquakes, from 06.00 pm October 25 BPPTK tangggal Yogyakarta recommends improving the status of Mount Merapi to "alert" and all the inhabitants of the area within a radius of 10 km from the summit to be evacuated and evacuated to areas safe.

The first eruption occurred at around 17:02 pm on October 26. At least up to three times the eruption occurred. Eruptions spewing volcanic material as high as approximately 1.5 km and accompanied the release of heat clouds that hit Kaliadem, Kepuharjo village, Cangkringan, Sleman. And cost the lives of 43 people, plus a baby who died because of Magelang respiratory disorders.

Since then began to vomit hot clouds occur irregularly. Starting October 28, the Mount Merapi spewed lava which appeared almost simultaneously with the release of heat clouds at 19:54 pm. Next start fires silence was observed at the peak on November 1, marks a new phase that magma has reached the pit crater.

However, different from the usual Merapi character, rather than the formation of a new lava dome, instead what happens is increased activity bursts of lava and heat clouds since 3 November. Explosive eruptions in the form of a major eruption started on the morning of Thursday, November 4, 2010, resulting in column 4 km high cloud and cloud bursts of heat in all directions at the foot of Merapi. Furthermore, since about three o'clock in the afternoon eruption that will not cease until the evening and reached its peak in the early hours Friday, November 5, 2010. Towards the middle of the night, for all the danger radius was enlarged to 20 km from the summit. The series of eruptions and a roar heard up to the city of Yogyakarta (a distance of about 27 km from the summit), Magelang and Wonosobo regency center (distance 50 km). Rain gravel and sand to reach the northern part of the city of Yogyakarta, while the thick volcanic ash swept up Purwokerto and Cilacap. In the afternoon, volcanic ash is known to have reached Tasikmalaya, Bandung, and Bogor.

Secondary hazards such as cold lava flow was also lower after the region threatened on November 4, heavy rain occurred around the peak of Merapi. On November 5, Code River in Yogyakarta City area declared status as "alert" (red alert).

Strong eruptions November 5, followed by high activity for about a week, before then there was a slight decrease in activity, but the security status remains "Caution". On November 15, 2010 to limit the danger radius Magelang regency reduced to 15 km and for two other districts of Central Java to be 10 km. Only for the District. Sleman who still remain in place 20 km radius danger. Vegetation

At the peak of Mount Merapi never overgrown vegetation due to high activity. Plant species at the top of a typical alpine-type mountains of Java, such as rhododendrons and edeweis Java. Are somewhat down bamboo forests and mountains of tropical plants. Slopes of Merapi, especially below 1,000 m, is home to two national superior salak cultivars, namely bark 'Pondoh' and 'Nglumut'.

Climbing route

Mount Merapi is a popular climbing objects. because the mountain is a mountain that is very charming. The most common climbing route is via the side and near north of Selo, Boyolali regency, Central Java, exactly in the Village Tlogolele. The village is located between Mount Merapi and Mount Merbabu. Ascent through Selo takes about five hours to the summit. Another popular path is through the Ground, Pakem district, Sleman, Yogyakarta on the south side. This path is more steep and takes about 6-7 hours to the summit. Another alternative pathway is through the northwest side, starting from Sawangan, Magelang regency, Central Java, and through the southeast side, from the direction of Deles, Kemalang District, Klaten regency, Central Java. Source: Wikipedia